Gukurahundi -- Attempted Genocide in Zimbabwe

Gukurahundi refers to the attempted genocide of the Ndebele by Robert Mugabes Fifth Brigade soon after Zimbabwe gained independence. Beginning in January 1983, Mugabe waged a campaign of terror against the people in Matabeleland in the western part of the country. The Gukurahundi massacres are one of the darkest times in the country’s history since its independence -- between 20,000 and 80,000 civilians were killed by the Fifth Brigade. History of the Shona and Ndebele There have long been strong feelings between the majority Shona people of Zimbabwe and the Ndebele people in the south of the country. It dates back to the early 1800s when the Ndebele were pushed from their traditional lands in what is now South Africa by the Zulu and Boer. The Ndebele arrived in what is now known as Matabeleland, and in turn pushed out or required tribute from the Shona living in the region. Independence Comes to Zimbabwe Independence came to Zimbabwe under the leadership of two distinct groups: the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (Zapu) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (Zanu). Both had emerged from the National Democratic Party in the early 60s. ZAPU was led by Joshua Nkomo, a Ndebelel nationalist. ZANU was led by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, a Ndau, and Robert Mugabe, a Shona. Mugabe's Rise Mugabe quickly rose to prominence and gained the post of prime minister on independence. Joshua Nkomo was given a ministerial post in Mugabes cabinet, but was removed from office in February 1982 -- he was accused of planning to overthrow Mugabe. At the time of independence, North Korea offered to train Zimbabwes army and Mugabe agreed. More than 100 military experts arrived and began work with the Fifth Brigade. These troops were then deployed in Matabeleland, ostensibly to crush pro-Nkomo ZANU forces, who were, of course, Ndebele. Early Rain That Washes Away Chaff Gukurahundi, which in Shona means early rain that washes away chaff, lasted for four years. It was mostly brought to an end when Mugabe and Nkomo reached a conciliation on December  22, 1987, and they signed a unity agreement. Although thousands were killed in Matabeleland and the southeast of Zimbabwe, there was little international recognition of the extensive human rights abuses (called by some an attempted genocide). It was 20 years before a report was undertaken by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace and the Legal Resources Foundation of Harare. The Explicit Orders of Mugabe Mugabe has revealed little since the 1980s and what he has said was a mixture of denial and obfuscation, as reported in 2015 by TheGuardian.com in the article New documents claim to prove Mugabe ordered Gukurahundi killings. The closest he came to officially taking responsibility was after Nkomo died in 1999.  Mugabe then described the early 1980s as a â€Å"moment of madness† – an unclear statement that he has never repeated. During an interview with a South African talk show host, Mugabe blamed the Gukurahundi murders on armed bandits that were coordinated by Zapu and a few Fifth Brigade soldiers. However, recorded correspondence from his colleagues reveals that in fact â€Å"not only was Mugabe fully aware of what was going on† but the Fifth Brigade was acting â€Å"under Mugabe’s explicit orders.†

Utilitarianism and Genetic Engineering - 1581 Words

Utilitarianism and Genetic Engineering In the past thirty years, humans are witnessing a huge revolution in the genetic engineering industry. Having identified most of the Human Genome, gene sequencing has become programmed and extremely fast, and laboratory techniques in molecular biology allow for in-vitro fertilization and transfer of genetic material. Gene therapy and repair based on stem cells research allows for replacement of a defected allele in the DNA, and even a whole damaged tissue in the patient. In general, it is accurate to say that genetic engineering is a controversial topic about which people tend to have strong opinions. The genetic engineering issues that mainly catch the attention of the moral community involve the†¦show more content†¦The most promising benefit of genetic engineering is gene therapy which is the medical treatment of a disease wherein the defective genes are repaired and replaced or therapeutic genes are introduced to fight the disease (4, Shandilya, 2008). Every human being inherits approximately 30000 genes at birth. These determine his or her physical and emotional attributes. Some of these genes might have mutated or become otherwise defective making the carrier predisposed to certain genetic diseases. These diseases may strike the person during his lifetime or alternatively may not do so at all. Nonetheless the person is a carrier and passes on these defective genes to his progeny. At some point, perhaps generations later when conditions are favorable, the disease will manifest itself (5, P1, Go, 2009). One of the primary objectives in genetic engineering is to identify and isolate such genes with a view to repairing them or eradicating them so that their harmful effects are negated. An alternate strategy employed is to introduce a gene that has the effect of countering or combating the defective gene (5, p2, Go, 2009). Another goal of genetic engineering is to find remedies and therapies to treat other non-genetic diseases.Show MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism1202 Words   |  5 Pages Furthermore, Despite Walter Glannon’s second argument against genetic enhancement for personal gain, I contend that the philosophy of John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism can be used to show that society should will that genetic enhancement be morally acceptable if the adverse cognitive or emotional effects are outweighed by the benefits. Glannon argues that gene enhancement is morally objectionable because â€Å"there would be the unacceptable social cost of some people suffering from adverse cognitiveRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering is all about genes, which are made of DNA; the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms. It is a very broad term that covers a range of techniques that allow for the artificial addition, deletion or rearrangement of sequences of bases in DNA in order to alter the observable form and function of an organism. (Science Group, 201 4). Genetic Engineering was first discovered in the 1970s when scientist discovered how toRead MoreShould New Zealand Allow Genetically Modified Food? Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesof molecular genetics. New ways are discovered and implemented to improve what nature has to offer, a variety of species are being genetically modified in order to produce new substances and carry out different functional roles (Ministry for the Environment, 2004). With the use of genetic engineering a gene of interest is introduced into a different species, allowing for a desired trait to be acquired in that species (Hui Culbertson, 2006). With the introduction of genetic engineering it is now possibleRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Human Biotechnology1490 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is a set of techniques for isolating, transforming, multiplying and recombining genes from different organisms. Simply put, it is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. Genetic engineering originated in the 1970s as a result of the discovery of several key techniques in molecular genetics. It is also referred to as recombinant (rDNA) technology. Genetic Engineering enables geneticists to transfer genes between species that belongRead MoreIs It Right Or Wrong? Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages2211 December 3rd, 2016 With the world of technology making advances so quickly we sometimes forget our own limits as a mortal species. Genetic therapy has the potential to save millions of people from genetic mutations and protein deficiencies. This paper will go on to argue that the Utilitarianism approach in ethics shows all the right things about genetic therapy. The first-time gene therapy was used on a patient dates back in the 1990s when a four-year-old girl had adenosine deaminase deficiencyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Is Ethically Justified824 Words   |  4 PagesOCR AS Level Ethics Genetic engineering Example of part (b) question (b) â€Å"Genetic engineering is ethically justified.† Discuss [10] Since the development of genetic engineering in the 1970s, scholars have questioned its ethical justification, claiming that it was playing God’ and was unnatural. Others claimed that humans have always altered their environment to benefit themselves. An example is that of genetically modified crops which some people believe can be justified for a numberRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Medical Perfection Or Playing God1280 Words   |  6 PagesThesis Statement â€Å"Genetic engineering differs from cloning in key ways. Whereas cloning produces genetically exact copies of organisms, genetic engineering refers to processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms—and, in some cases, entirely new living things†, duplication of genetic cells is known as human cloning. Development of genetic engineering biotechnologies undermines the natural autonomy of life. Does genetic engineering interfere withRead MoreRecent Developments In Gene Editing, Concerning The Modification1447 Words   |  6 Pagesediting, concerning the modification of embryonic cells and its’ usefulness since the discovery of iPS cells Abstract This essay addresses the question â€Å"In light of the recent developments with iPS cells, is the genetic modification of human embryos justified?†. New gene editing software CRISPR has created cheaper and more accurate modification, making the editing of an embryo a possibility. There are concerns about this advancement as it is the changing of our DNARead MoreTechnology : A World Where There Is No Afterlife1627 Words   |  7 Pageshome—enhancing the human-body experience, minimizing bodily pain, or curing cancer—paves the way for mainstream humanity to reap the benefits of the biohacking craft. Likewise, the framework of utilitarianism seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain for the greatest number of individuals. Utilitarianism as a framework spotlights what is ethical about biohacking. Background of Biohacking ï ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼Biohacking is a new phenomenon, stemming from the advent of modern technology. It is a practice that combinesRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection : Ethics And The Problems That Arise From It1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthat arise from it. These topics range from the ethics of cloning, athletes using performance enhancing drugs, and other practical uses in everyday life. Sandel’s argument is that there is value in human nature (even with all its flaws), and genetic engineering will forever change human nature. Destroying the very essence of what it is to be human and scarring humanity. The main features of human nature that will be altered: are responsibility, humility and solidarity. No more are the days of an parent

Anatomy Free Essays

1Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function 1. Name the three layers or tunics of the blood vessel wall and what they are composed of. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now LocationTunic NameComposed of InnermostTunica interiaEndothelium MiddleTunica mediaSmooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin OuterTunica externaCollagen fibers that protect and reinforce the blood vessels and anchor it to surrounding structures 2. In the following list of characteristics, put â€Å"A† for artery, â€Å"C† for capillary, and â€Å"V† for vein: v contain the lowest pressurea contain the highest pressure a has thick tunica mediav thin tunica media smallest of the blood vesselsa carries blood away from heart v largest lumen—blood reservoirc has only one tunic (intima) v carries blood toward the heartc site of exchange of nutrients 3. Name the three groups of arteries: 1. elastic artery 2. muscular artery 3. ateriole 4. Elastic arteries have a thick tunica media with the greatest amount of elastin. They also experience the greatest pressure and the widest variation in pressure. The best example is the aorta. 5. Compared to the arteries above, the muscular arteries have more smooth muscle but less Elastin. They deliver blood to specific organs. The renal artery delivers blood to the kidney and would be an example of this type of artery. Small changes in the diameter of these blood vessels greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure. Stimulation of vasomotor fibers would cause (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) of the blood vessels. 6. The smallest arteries are called aterioles. The steepest drop in blood pressure occurs in these vessels, thus they offer the greatest resistance to flow. An increase in blood flow through a feeder arteriole will (increase or ecrease) blood flow through the capillary. 7. Capillaries: The shunt is a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule. When blood flows through this vessel, there is no exchange of materials. The precapillary sphincter controls blood flow into the true capillaries. Exchange of materials takes place from these capillaries. Compared with blood pressure in the arteries, blood pressure is (high or low) in the capillar ies. 8. Venules: The smallest venules are formed when capillaries unite. They consist mainly of endothelium around which a few fibroblasts congregate. Blood flow continues to (increase or decrease) in the venules. 9. Veins: Veins have three distinct tunics, with the tunica exteria being the heaviest. Veins have thinner walls and longer lumens than arteries. 10. Because pressure is lower in the veins, special adaptations are necessary to return blood to the heart. These three structural adaptations are: 1. Venous Valve. Here, one way prevent backflow as blood travels toward the heart. 2. Muscle pump. Here, contractingskeletal muscles press against veins, forcing blood through #1 above. 3. respiratory pump. During inspiration, pressure (increases or decreases) in the thoracic cavity and (increases or decreases) in the abdominal cavity. This results in an upward â€Å"sucking† effect that pulls blood toward the heart. Cardiovascular System: Measuring Blood Pressure 1. Blood flow is generated by the cardiac output . Blood pressure results when that flow encounters systolic pressure from the vessel walls. 2. Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury and is written as mmHg. 3. Blood flows in layers within the lumen of blood vessels, with the layers in the  ¬middle of the lumen flowing fastest. This is known as laminar flow. 4. Blood pressure fluctuates with each heartbeat. The pulse you feel in your wrist is a/an pressure wave created by the contracting heart ejecting blood. 5. The maximum pressure exerted by blood against the artery wall is known as systolic pressure (SP) and is the result of ventricular systole Normal SP is about 120 mmHg. 6. What does the dicrotic notch represent? The interruption of smooth flow due to the back flow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when ventricles relax 7. Diastolic pressure (DP) is the lowest pressure in the artery and is a result of ventricular diastole Normal DP is about 70 mmHg. 8. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Write the equation for pulse pressure: PP = systolic -diastolic 9. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the calculated average pressure in the arteries. It is closer to the diastolic pressure because the heart spends more time in diastole Write the equation for mean arterial pressure: MAP = [(2x diastolc) + systolic] /3 10. When taking blood pressure, inflate the cuff so that blood flow is occulluded in the blood vessel. Open the valve slowly, releasing the pressure. The first sound you hear through the stethoscope is recorded as the systolic pressure. The sounds you hear are due to the ausculatory gap of the blood. When you don’t hear any sounds, this is recorded as the diastolic pressure. For questions 11 and 12, calculate PP and MAP, given SP = 130 mmHg and DP = 70 mmHg (see Quiz section for an example). 11. PP = 60 mmHg 12. MAP = 90 mmHg Cardiovascular System: Factors That Affect Blood Pressure 1. What are the three main factors that influence total peripheral resistance (TPR)? 1. turbulence 2. vascular resistance 3. blood viscosity 2. Name three hormones that act as vasoconstrictors. 1. ephinephrine 2. Angiotensin II 3. adh 3. Name two hormones that directly increase blood volume. 1. Aldostereone 2. Antidiuretic Hormone 4. Track the effect on blood pressure of reducing venous return. Go through all the steps. ? VR ? decrease SV – decrease CO- decrease BP 5. Categorize the following into: A. Factors that increase blood pressure B. Factors that decrease blood pressure a ? arterial diametera ? total vessel length b ? vessel elasticityb ? plasma epinephrine b ? blood volumeb ? plasma angiotensin a ? stroke volumea ? plasma ADH b ? blood viscosityb ? arasympathetic stimulation a ? blood volumea ? sympathetic stimulation Use arrows in the spaces for questions 6 through 10. 6. A ? in hematocrit will result in decrease blood viscosity and decrease blood pressure. 7. Growth will result in increase total vessel length and a/an increase in blood pressure. 8. Arteriosclerosis will result in decrease vessel elasticity a nd a/an increase in blood pressure. 9. Excessive sweating will result in a short-term decrease in blood volume and a/an decrease in blood pressure. 10. An ? in epinephrine will result in decrease vessel diameter and a/an increase in blood pressure. Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation 1. a. Short-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things? 1. heart rate 2. vessel diameter 3. heart contractility b. Long-term mechanisms will regulate blood volume-blood pressure. 2. Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where? Aorta; carotid bifurcation 3. Using up and down arrows, show the effect of increased blood pressure (BP) on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, and the resulting change in blood pressure. ? BP ? ? impulses ? ?PNS and ? SNS ? ? BP 4. As a result of these changes in the PNS and SNS, list two effects on the heart and one on blood vessels. Heart: Blood vessels: 5. As in question 3, use up and down arrows to show the effect of decreasing blood pressure. ? BP ? ____ impulses ? ____ PNS and ____ SNS ? ____ BP 6. In addition to effects on the heart and blood vessels, what hormones were released from the adrenal gland? _________________________________ and _________________________________ 7. a. What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure? juxtaglomerular b. What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure? ldosterone c. What does this enzyme act on in the blood? Sodium 8. Name two effects of angiotensin II. 1. stimulates release of Aldosterone 2. Stimulates Supraoptic nucleus to release Anti Diuretic Hormone 9. a. The main effect of aldosterone is: increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney b. How does this increase blood volume? ________________________________ 10. a. What othe r hormone will increase water reabsorption from the kidney? ADH b. What is the major stimulus for this hormone? kidneys Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics 1. a. What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? Precapillary sphincters b. If all sphincters are closed, blood is ___________ to the venules through _____________ capillaries. 2. Use arrows to show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax: a. O2 ________c. pH ________ b. CO2 ________d. nutrients ________ 3. Physical factors also act as regulatory stimuli. How would the following affect arterioles? a. Decreased blood pressure ____________________ b. Increased blood pressure ____________________ 4. Name three structural characteristics of capillaries that allow for passage of materials out of the capillaries. 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ 5. a. Diffusion accounts for the passage of _________________________. b. Non-lipid-soluble molecules move by _________________________. c. Water-soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars, move through _________________. 6. Bulk fluid flows cause _____________ at the arterial end and ________________ at the venous end of the capillary. 7. a. In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure? b. Why is hydrostatic pressure low in the interstitial fluid? c. Net hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid ______ the capillary. 8. a. Osmotic (or colloid osmotic) pressure in the capillaries is _____________ compared with that in the interstitium. b. Net osmotic pressure tends to move fluid _________ the capillaries. 9. Given a net hydrostatic pressure of 34 mmHg and a net osmotic pressure of 22 mmHg, the force favoring filtration would equal _____ mmHg. 10. Indicate which of the following move through the capillary walls by diffusion and which move through fenestrations and/or clefts: a. Butter: b. Fish: c. Cola: d. Potatoes: How to cite Anatomy, Papers