Utilitarianism and Genetic Engineering - 1581 Words

Utilitarianism and Genetic Engineering In the past thirty years, humans are witnessing a huge revolution in the genetic engineering industry. Having identified most of the Human Genome, gene sequencing has become programmed and extremely fast, and laboratory techniques in molecular biology allow for in-vitro fertilization and transfer of genetic material. Gene therapy and repair based on stem cells research allows for replacement of a defected allele in the DNA, and even a whole damaged tissue in the patient. In general, it is accurate to say that genetic engineering is a controversial topic about which people tend to have strong opinions. The genetic engineering issues that mainly catch the attention of the moral community involve the†¦show more content†¦The most promising benefit of genetic engineering is gene therapy which is the medical treatment of a disease wherein the defective genes are repaired and replaced or therapeutic genes are introduced to fight the disease (4, Shandilya, 2008). Every human being inherits approximately 30000 genes at birth. These determine his or her physical and emotional attributes. Some of these genes might have mutated or become otherwise defective making the carrier predisposed to certain genetic diseases. These diseases may strike the person during his lifetime or alternatively may not do so at all. Nonetheless the person is a carrier and passes on these defective genes to his progeny. At some point, perhaps generations later when conditions are favorable, the disease will manifest itself (5, P1, Go, 2009). One of the primary objectives in genetic engineering is to identify and isolate such genes with a view to repairing them or eradicating them so that their harmful effects are negated. An alternate strategy employed is to introduce a gene that has the effect of countering or combating the defective gene (5, p2, Go, 2009). Another goal of genetic engineering is to find remedies and therapies to treat other non-genetic diseases.Show MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism1202 Words   |  5 Pages Furthermore, Despite Walter Glannon’s second argument against genetic enhancement for personal gain, I contend that the philosophy of John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism can be used to show that society should will that genetic enhancement be morally acceptable if the adverse cognitive or emotional effects are outweighed by the benefits. Glannon argues that gene enhancement is morally objectionable because â€Å"there would be the unacceptable social cost of some people suffering from adverse cognitiveRead MoreA Research On Genetic Engineering1407 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Engineering is all about genes, which are made of DNA; the chemical inside the nucleus of a cell that carries the genetic instructions for making living organisms. It is a very broad term that covers a range of techniques that allow for the artificial addition, deletion or rearrangement of sequences of bases in DNA in order to alter the observable form and function of an organism. (Science Group, 201 4). Genetic Engineering was first discovered in the 1970s when scientist discovered how toRead MoreShould New Zealand Allow Genetically Modified Food? Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesof molecular genetics. New ways are discovered and implemented to improve what nature has to offer, a variety of species are being genetically modified in order to produce new substances and carry out different functional roles (Ministry for the Environment, 2004). With the use of genetic engineering a gene of interest is introduced into a different species, allowing for a desired trait to be acquired in that species (Hui Culbertson, 2006). With the introduction of genetic engineering it is now possibleRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Human Biotechnology1490 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is a set of techniques for isolating, transforming, multiplying and recombining genes from different organisms. Simply put, it is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. Genetic engineering originated in the 1970s as a result of the discovery of several key techniques in molecular genetics. It is also referred to as recombinant (rDNA) technology. Genetic Engineering enables geneticists to transfer genes between species that belongRead MoreIs It Right Or Wrong? Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages2211 December 3rd, 2016 With the world of technology making advances so quickly we sometimes forget our own limits as a mortal species. Genetic therapy has the potential to save millions of people from genetic mutations and protein deficiencies. This paper will go on to argue that the Utilitarianism approach in ethics shows all the right things about genetic therapy. The first-time gene therapy was used on a patient dates back in the 1990s when a four-year-old girl had adenosine deaminase deficiencyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Is Ethically Justified824 Words   |  4 PagesOCR AS Level Ethics Genetic engineering Example of part (b) question (b) â€Å"Genetic engineering is ethically justified.† Discuss [10] Since the development of genetic engineering in the 1970s, scholars have questioned its ethical justification, claiming that it was playing God’ and was unnatural. Others claimed that humans have always altered their environment to benefit themselves. An example is that of genetically modified crops which some people believe can be justified for a numberRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Medical Perfection Or Playing God1280 Words   |  6 PagesThesis Statement â€Å"Genetic engineering differs from cloning in key ways. Whereas cloning produces genetically exact copies of organisms, genetic engineering refers to processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms—and, in some cases, entirely new living things†, duplication of genetic cells is known as human cloning. Development of genetic engineering biotechnologies undermines the natural autonomy of life. Does genetic engineering interfere withRead MoreRecent Developments In Gene Editing, Concerning The Modification1447 Words   |  6 Pagesediting, concerning the modification of embryonic cells and its’ usefulness since the discovery of iPS cells Abstract This essay addresses the question â€Å"In light of the recent developments with iPS cells, is the genetic modification of human embryos justified?†. New gene editing software CRISPR has created cheaper and more accurate modification, making the editing of an embryo a possibility. There are concerns about this advancement as it is the changing of our DNARead MoreTechnology : A World Where There Is No Afterlife1627 Words   |  7 Pageshome—enhancing the human-body experience, minimizing bodily pain, or curing cancer—paves the way for mainstream humanity to reap the benefits of the biohacking craft. Likewise, the framework of utilitarianism seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain for the greatest number of individuals. Utilitarianism as a framework spotlights what is ethical about biohacking. Background of Biohacking ï ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼Biohacking is a new phenomenon, stemming from the advent of modern technology. It is a practice that combinesRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection : Ethics And The Problems That Arise From It1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthat arise from it. These topics range from the ethics of cloning, athletes using performance enhancing drugs, and other practical uses in everyday life. Sandel’s argument is that there is value in human nature (even with all its flaws), and genetic engineering will forever change human nature. Destroying the very essence of what it is to be human and scarring humanity. The main features of human nature that will be altered: are responsibility, humility and solidarity. No more are the days of an parent

Anatomy Free Essays

1Cardiovascular System: Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function 1. Name the three layers or tunics of the blood vessel wall and what they are composed of. We will write a custom essay sample on Anatomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now LocationTunic NameComposed of InnermostTunica interiaEndothelium MiddleTunica mediaSmooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin OuterTunica externaCollagen fibers that protect and reinforce the blood vessels and anchor it to surrounding structures 2. In the following list of characteristics, put â€Å"A† for artery, â€Å"C† for capillary, and â€Å"V† for vein: v contain the lowest pressurea contain the highest pressure a has thick tunica mediav thin tunica media smallest of the blood vesselsa carries blood away from heart v largest lumen—blood reservoirc has only one tunic (intima) v carries blood toward the heartc site of exchange of nutrients 3. Name the three groups of arteries: 1. elastic artery 2. muscular artery 3. ateriole 4. Elastic arteries have a thick tunica media with the greatest amount of elastin. They also experience the greatest pressure and the widest variation in pressure. The best example is the aorta. 5. Compared to the arteries above, the muscular arteries have more smooth muscle but less Elastin. They deliver blood to specific organs. The renal artery delivers blood to the kidney and would be an example of this type of artery. Small changes in the diameter of these blood vessels greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure. Stimulation of vasomotor fibers would cause (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) of the blood vessels. 6. The smallest arteries are called aterioles. The steepest drop in blood pressure occurs in these vessels, thus they offer the greatest resistance to flow. An increase in blood flow through a feeder arteriole will (increase or ecrease) blood flow through the capillary. 7. Capillaries: The shunt is a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule. When blood flows through this vessel, there is no exchange of materials. The precapillary sphincter controls blood flow into the true capillaries. Exchange of materials takes place from these capillaries. Compared with blood pressure in the arteries, blood pressure is (high or low) in the capillar ies. 8. Venules: The smallest venules are formed when capillaries unite. They consist mainly of endothelium around which a few fibroblasts congregate. Blood flow continues to (increase or decrease) in the venules. 9. Veins: Veins have three distinct tunics, with the tunica exteria being the heaviest. Veins have thinner walls and longer lumens than arteries. 10. Because pressure is lower in the veins, special adaptations are necessary to return blood to the heart. These three structural adaptations are: 1. Venous Valve. Here, one way prevent backflow as blood travels toward the heart. 2. Muscle pump. Here, contractingskeletal muscles press against veins, forcing blood through #1 above. 3. respiratory pump. During inspiration, pressure (increases or decreases) in the thoracic cavity and (increases or decreases) in the abdominal cavity. This results in an upward â€Å"sucking† effect that pulls blood toward the heart. Cardiovascular System: Measuring Blood Pressure 1. Blood flow is generated by the cardiac output . Blood pressure results when that flow encounters systolic pressure from the vessel walls. 2. Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury and is written as mmHg. 3. Blood flows in layers within the lumen of blood vessels, with the layers in the  ¬middle of the lumen flowing fastest. This is known as laminar flow. 4. Blood pressure fluctuates with each heartbeat. The pulse you feel in your wrist is a/an pressure wave created by the contracting heart ejecting blood. 5. The maximum pressure exerted by blood against the artery wall is known as systolic pressure (SP) and is the result of ventricular systole Normal SP is about 120 mmHg. 6. What does the dicrotic notch represent? The interruption of smooth flow due to the back flow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when ventricles relax 7. Diastolic pressure (DP) is the lowest pressure in the artery and is a result of ventricular diastole Normal DP is about 70 mmHg. 8. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Write the equation for pulse pressure: PP = systolic -diastolic 9. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the calculated average pressure in the arteries. It is closer to the diastolic pressure because the heart spends more time in diastole Write the equation for mean arterial pressure: MAP = [(2x diastolc) + systolic] /3 10. When taking blood pressure, inflate the cuff so that blood flow is occulluded in the blood vessel. Open the valve slowly, releasing the pressure. The first sound you hear through the stethoscope is recorded as the systolic pressure. The sounds you hear are due to the ausculatory gap of the blood. When you don’t hear any sounds, this is recorded as the diastolic pressure. For questions 11 and 12, calculate PP and MAP, given SP = 130 mmHg and DP = 70 mmHg (see Quiz section for an example). 11. PP = 60 mmHg 12. MAP = 90 mmHg Cardiovascular System: Factors That Affect Blood Pressure 1. What are the three main factors that influence total peripheral resistance (TPR)? 1. turbulence 2. vascular resistance 3. blood viscosity 2. Name three hormones that act as vasoconstrictors. 1. ephinephrine 2. Angiotensin II 3. adh 3. Name two hormones that directly increase blood volume. 1. Aldostereone 2. Antidiuretic Hormone 4. Track the effect on blood pressure of reducing venous return. Go through all the steps. ? VR ? decrease SV – decrease CO- decrease BP 5. Categorize the following into: A. Factors that increase blood pressure B. Factors that decrease blood pressure a ? arterial diametera ? total vessel length b ? vessel elasticityb ? plasma epinephrine b ? blood volumeb ? plasma angiotensin a ? stroke volumea ? plasma ADH b ? blood viscosityb ? arasympathetic stimulation a ? blood volumea ? sympathetic stimulation Use arrows in the spaces for questions 6 through 10. 6. A ? in hematocrit will result in decrease blood viscosity and decrease blood pressure. 7. Growth will result in increase total vessel length and a/an increase in blood pressure. 8. Arteriosclerosis will result in decrease vessel elasticity a nd a/an increase in blood pressure. 9. Excessive sweating will result in a short-term decrease in blood volume and a/an decrease in blood pressure. 10. An ? in epinephrine will result in decrease vessel diameter and a/an increase in blood pressure. Cardiovascular System: Blood Pressure Regulation 1. a. Short-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things? 1. heart rate 2. vessel diameter 3. heart contractility b. Long-term mechanisms will regulate blood volume-blood pressure. 2. Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where? Aorta; carotid bifurcation 3. Using up and down arrows, show the effect of increased blood pressure (BP) on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, and the resulting change in blood pressure. ? BP ? ? impulses ? ?PNS and ? SNS ? ? BP 4. As a result of these changes in the PNS and SNS, list two effects on the heart and one on blood vessels. Heart: Blood vessels: 5. As in question 3, use up and down arrows to show the effect of decreasing blood pressure. ? BP ? ____ impulses ? ____ PNS and ____ SNS ? ____ BP 6. In addition to effects on the heart and blood vessels, what hormones were released from the adrenal gland? _________________________________ and _________________________________ 7. a. What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure? juxtaglomerular b. What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure? ldosterone c. What does this enzyme act on in the blood? Sodium 8. Name two effects of angiotensin II. 1. stimulates release of Aldosterone 2. Stimulates Supraoptic nucleus to release Anti Diuretic Hormone 9. a. The main effect of aldosterone is: increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney b. How does this increase blood volume? ________________________________ 10. a. What othe r hormone will increase water reabsorption from the kidney? ADH b. What is the major stimulus for this hormone? kidneys Cardiovascular System: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics 1. a. What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? Precapillary sphincters b. If all sphincters are closed, blood is ___________ to the venules through _____________ capillaries. 2. Use arrows to show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax: a. O2 ________c. pH ________ b. CO2 ________d. nutrients ________ 3. Physical factors also act as regulatory stimuli. How would the following affect arterioles? a. Decreased blood pressure ____________________ b. Increased blood pressure ____________________ 4. Name three structural characteristics of capillaries that allow for passage of materials out of the capillaries. 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ 5. a. Diffusion accounts for the passage of _________________________. b. Non-lipid-soluble molecules move by _________________________. c. Water-soluble solutes, such as amino acids and sugars, move through _________________. 6. Bulk fluid flows cause _____________ at the arterial end and ________________ at the venous end of the capillary. 7. a. In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure? b. Why is hydrostatic pressure low in the interstitial fluid? c. Net hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid ______ the capillary. 8. a. Osmotic (or colloid osmotic) pressure in the capillaries is _____________ compared with that in the interstitium. b. Net osmotic pressure tends to move fluid _________ the capillaries. 9. Given a net hydrostatic pressure of 34 mmHg and a net osmotic pressure of 22 mmHg, the force favoring filtration would equal _____ mmHg. 10. Indicate which of the following move through the capillary walls by diffusion and which move through fenestrations and/or clefts: a. Butter: b. Fish: c. Cola: d. Potatoes: How to cite Anatomy, Papers

Roman Art Vs. Greek Art Essays - Visual Arts, Ancient Greece

Roman Art Vs. Greek Art Paul Johnson Debbie Barret-Graves Western Civilization 10/29/00 Roman Art Vs. Greek Art Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural values and social structures of individual civilizations. Ancient art serves as a useful tool to help historians decipher some important aspects of ancient culture. From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each culture's political and moral system. The primary objective of Greek art was to explore the order of nature and to convey philosophical thought, while Roman art was used primarily as a medium to project the authority and importance of the current ruler and the greatness of his empire. This change in the meaning of art from Greek to Roman times shows the gradual decline in the importance of intellectualism in ancient western culture. The earliest example of how art reflects the basic moral and philosophical belief systems in individual cultures is seen in the Ancient Egyptian empire. The art of this time was highly idealized and mainly focused on displaying the divinity and importance of the Pharaoh. The most famous examples of this Theocratic influence on art are the Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Chefren. The massive size and artistic perfection of these works, which were mainly dedicated to expressing the divinity of the Pharaoh, show that Egyptian society was based primarily on mythological law. The highly idealized, mythological style of Egyptian art suggests that Egyptian culture as a whole was not concerned with scientific and mathematical truths. Arts reflection of culture and society extends to the Greek and Roman empires, and shows the importance of intellectualism within each culture. It is apparent that from the beginnings of Greek art, meticulous order and precision were held on a high plateau. The Protogeometric and Geometric periods are good examples of such advanced thinking. The beginnings of the Protogeometric period display a distinct interest in mathematical order. During this period, artists decorated vases with circles and symmetrical patterns. As the dominant style changed from Protogeometric to Geometric, this order and precision was amplified. The popular ?circle and semicircle patterns were replaced by linear designs, zigzags, triangles, diamonds, and meanders? (Cunningham and Reich, 40). The increased interest in order seems to have been a reflection of the Greek fascination with nature, and man's relationship to nature. This interest in the order of nature eventually evolved into a fascination with the human form and the idea of human perfection. The way in which the perfect human form was portrayed by Greek artists was of a highly intellectual nature. The early sculptors of the period explored basic human anatomy and its aesthetic value, creating such sculptures as the Kritios Boy, of the Acropolis. The precision and realism of this sculpture captured a more accurate portrayal of the human form than ever before seen. This accomplishment in itself showed strong advancements in intellectual thought, and inspired future generations to further explore aesthetic and order. Artist such as Polyclitius later envisioned human perfection as a series of mathematical proportions. The Doryphoros, a sculpture done by Polycleatus himself, serves as an excellent example of how art reflects philosophical thought. This sculpture was constructed using a strict mathematical formula that was believed to represent the p erfect male body. (Cunningham and Reich, 87) Greek philosophers such as Aristotle further explored the value and importance of visual perfection and its effect on human consciousness. This exploration was later developed into a branch of philosophy known as Aesthetics. Aesthetics studied the nature and expression of beauty through art as well as the psychological responses to that beauty. Aesthetics arguably represented the highest intellectual point in Greek art and continued to influence philosophers and artists throughout the Hellenistic period. The fact that Greek civilization reached a point at which its art reflected some of the most refined thought ever recorded in the ancient world shows the importance of intellectualism in this great culture. In contrast, Roman art was used as propaganda that displayed the authority and greatness of Rome's current ruler; this in no way reflected evolution of thought. The Romans borrowed creative artistic ideas from the cultures that they conquered

Blair is becoming Bush essays

Blair is becoming Bush essays The argument that the prime minister is becoming more like the president is based on the prime ministers desire to be separated from his government. This is how the American system works the president is in charge but must use the supreme court or house of representatives who may be run by a separate party to the president, however the prime minister is the same party as the majority in the house of commons so has complete control as his party must tow the line. By detaching himself from his party and parliament he is seen more as a leader of the nation rather than his party. In some cases this allows other ministers to take the public blame for certain decisions. In recent year Blair has greatly increased the size of his staff in ten Downing Street. This has made Downing street more like the white house in terms of independent administration. The increased growth in number 10 places natural limits on his powers and is seen more as a sign of weakness than power a number of PMs have been unable to deliver as much as they would have liked. Margaret Thatcher had around 100 staff; John Major raised this to 150 but Tony Blair has a staff of nearly 300. The Pm has reduced the length of cabinet meetings. Most cabinet meetings are reduced to 45 minutes. They are mainly used to finalise decisions, which have already been sorted by ministers or in one of Tonys bi-laterals. These meetings allow Tony more control over his ministers and hence the party. It is almost impossible to overpower Blair in these meetings, which allows him to be omnipotent in the matters discussed. The only man who is able to voice his opinion is said to be Gordon Brown who Blair must listen to in terms of his experience and his following and respect in the party. This solitary, Presidential style was seen in the recent Iraq conflict where the PM addressed the nation from his office which is the way in which presidents in Am...

Most Powerful CoSchedule Calendar For Solopreneurs Live Demo Recap

Most Powerful Calendar For Solopreneurs Live Demo Recap Did you know that we’ve added some great new features + slashed prices on some of our other powerful features to offer you our brand NEW Essential + ReQueue Plan. This is the best plan out there for solopreneurs, freelancers, and bloggers!  Ã°Å¸â„¢Å' Watch This: The Most Powerful Calendar For Solopreneurs With our NEW Essential + ReQueue plan, you get: ReQueue (for FREE).  No need for add-on expenses. With our new Essential + ReQueue plan, you instantly get ReQueue! That means you’re gettin’ a $150 social automation toolfor FREE. Our best integrations package (yup, literally all of them). Every  pricing plans now includes our best integrations: Google Docs, Evernote, Google Analytics, Bit.ly, every social networketc. All your WordPress sites on ONE calendar (w/one price).  No more jumping from calendar to calendar to keep track of every WordPress site. Quickly access all your sites  (and every associated task, piece of content, and deadline) in the same calendar. 😎 Built-in social message analytics.  Our built-in social message analytics are included with the Essential plan, plus (coming soon) a new series of Social Network Reports. AND saved calendar views (by default). With the new Essential plan, you can create multiple calendar views, save em, and quickly access your content whenever you need it. Why it’s the BEST plan for Solopreneurs, Bloggers Freelancers: You get WAY more for less.  Before our Essential plan, it took $79/month to gain access to ReQueue feature. We’ve cut the price by $30. Now, you can get ReQueue plus a ton of other features for only $49/month. You can add users + social profiles whenever you want. You will never need to pay for users or profiles that you don’t need. Now you can add additional users for only $9/month or social profiles in packs of 5 for only $2 per profile. You have ONE bill (for everything).  With our old plan, many users were required to pay for multiple calendars with multiple bills. This was hassle and could get expensive quickly. We’ve fixed that. Now you’ll have one subscription and one bill to manage. Huzzah! Need more details?  Check out the Essential + ReQueue plan today on our pricing page.

PM Company (International Business Practices) Essay

PM Company (International Business Practices) - Essay Example The balance between two types is an effective method for PM Company, because it is closely related to delegation of authority and is concerned with what should be transferred down, what policies are needed to guide actions and the need to train and select people and control their actions. Decentralization is closely related to delegation, but it includes all areas of management and requires a great deal more than handing authority to subordinates. In contrast to centralization, decentralization will help to avoid duplication of efforts, and overcome lack of sufficient flexibility to permit immediate reactions to local problems. New strategy will require additional spending and staff, a new department of international trade and opening new offices abroad. Organizational activities should be organized into separate product businesses, each having its own market and responsible for its own profit or loss. In general, this strategy will help PM Company to penetrate new markets faster and attract wider target audience delivering a wide range of the company's products. Using this organizational structure, PM Company can extend its international expansion plans, and cover more foreign countries, for instance, European and Asian market.

Analysis data by SPSS software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis data by SPSS software - Essay Example Planning in work area based on fulfilling the needs of your customers, monitoring on an ongoing basis the needs of your customer and your success in meeting them, developing customer loyalty and advocacy rather than just keeping customers satisfied and having a clear understanding of how to keep your customers satisfied are other attributes which need to be factored in the company planning. In addition, being able to make or influence changes you believe to be to the benefit of staff work area, recognizing and rewarding staff excellence and initiative, being fully involved in the development of objectives and plans that relate to different jobs and actively encouraging and rewarding innovation in different work areas. The research paper was based on a manufacturing company which was dealing with kitchen and bathroom cabinetry. The company had the interest in determining staff satisfaction levels across its functional areas. The main purpose of the research findings on customer satisfaction was to enable the company position itself in the industry and to retain quality staff (in a field with few professional) for greater competitive advantage. Further, the survey had been occasioned by high staff turnovers leading to huge company losses. The mean, minimum response, maximum response and the standard deviation of the staff responses were determined (see table 2 above). Further, value 3 was considered as the average response and all values greater that 3 were admitted as above average performance while values lower than 3 were admitted as poor performance. Statements with a value less than 3 were to be considered as problematic areas which needed total consideration if the company is to do better. In terms of communication and feedback, it is evident that the mean difference of the responses; you receive regular feedback on the progress of your work area and you receive